Evaluation of Employee Training Demand Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Assessment of Employee Training Demand - Essay Example This procedure is the examination issue source among representative and enterprise execution. After this procedure judgment is made in the case of preparing can really help with tackling the issue or not. What sort of preparing is required is likewise decided. So as to assess and make the judgment if the worker preparing will help with taking care of the issue or not, various preparing and non-preparing components should be thought of. The preparation factors that ought to be considered include: In this angle it is essential to decide whether there is a genuine requirement for preparing or not. This need may emerge from the diminishing authoritative benefits, diminished profitability, increment in the expenses and inadequate tasks of the associations because of the absence of legitimate abilities and non-execution of effective practices by the representatives. In this aspect of assessing representative preparing request, you have to verify that if the preparation is required, why it is required. The potential reasons can be the changing worldwide patterns as indicated by which the abilities of the workers should be cleaned, it very well may be a lawful prerequisite, a client need and so on. Here you figure out what sort of abilities preparing is required. ... In this way it is critical to figure out what center competency should be improved. Which representatives need preparing It is likewise critical to realize what representatives need what preparing. This is on the grounds that workers in various offices need distinctive sort of ranges of abilities and their insight and learning necessities are altogether unique. For instance, it might be fundamental for the buy division individuals to have the arranging aptitudes preparing while it may not be significant for the quality control office workers. How and where will the preparation happen During the assessment of worker preparing request it is additionally imperative to realize that by what means will the preparation occur, for example deciding will the instructional meetings be led in the workplace timings or not, will the coaches be employed from inside the organization or not, will the instructional courses be led in the workplace premises or not, and so on. The assessment of preparing request ought to likewise incorporate some non-preparing components, for example, association structure, workplace, compensation framework and so forth as they affect the organization's conditions. These components are talked about underneath: Authoritative Structure: Organizations with progressive structures are increasingly inclined to repetition of work assignments. In this way there is as a rule there is less requirement for the preparation of the considerable number of workers in such associations. Anyway in compliment organized associations, a solitary representative ought to have a wide range of abilities and along these lines the vast majority of the workers in such associations have a popularity for preparing. Hierarchical Work Environment: The workplace and the working states of the association additionally are an

The Admissibility of Expert Witnesses Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

The Admissibility of Expert Witnesses - Essay Example The skirmish of dueling specialists has gotten to some degree counterproductive, with the notorieties and enticement of the specialists included getting more significant than the target proof they can give. It is currently conceivable to join The Society of Expert Witnesses in the UK. The saying of the association, quisque promotion praestantiam nitens is, amusingly, deciphered with an absence of aptitude to each towards greatness endeavoring - when each endeavoring towards greatness is definitely the right wording in current English. The Society was just established in 1995, yet the Latin maxim shows that it is endeavoring to propose that it is some way or another a built up some portion of the lawful framework as opposed to a relative newcomer. Obviously quickness of presence is no judgment of value, however the endeavor to make the feeling of history that doesn't exist maybe is. The meaning of a specialist witness has experienced a long turn of events. Formal training in a subject isn't really required, as was set up as ahead of schedule as R. v. Silverlock (1894), in which a specialist who had read penmanship for over ten years was acknowledged as a specialist despite the fact that he had no conventional preparing in the subject. R. V. Robb (1991) set up a comparative rule and qualified it through saying that the discoverer of reality (Judge or Jury) ought to be the one that chooses how much weight to provide for it. In this manner the level of aptitude (or something else) appeared by the master observer ought to be chosen by the discoverer of truth. The Society gives a brief portrayal of both master and master observer on its invite page on the Internet. While these are not formal definitions found inside the law, they are at any rate a beginning stage for the thought of supporters of the preliminary whose job is to some degree unsure. There is no extensive meaning of master observer, so the Society likely could be an assistance in concentrating such: A specialist is anybody with information or experience of a specific field of order past what is anticipated from a layman. A specialist witness is a specialist who makes their insight accessible to a court (or other legal or semi legal body) to assist it with understanding the issues of a case and arrive at a sound and just choice. 1 The meaning of master would appear to be exceptionally wide, and would incorporate huge sections of the populace inside an inexorably specific culture. No notice is made of instructive capabilities, not to mention the advanced educations that may be normal for one who considers herself a specialist. The Society is by all accounts endeavoring to have as expansive a definition as workable for master, which is consistent as its originally recorded point is to help individuals in showing their master observer business to any appropriate means.2 The way that being a specialist witness would now be able to turn into a full time wellspring of independent work might be distinctly differentiated to the beginning of master observers in the ahead of schedule to mid Twentieth Century, when they were specialists inside their fields (frequently logical or criminological in

Public Health Expenditure And Health

General Health Expenditure And Health Utilizing an utility boost approach as created by Grossman, the outcomes uncovered that wellbeing use doesn't influence wellbeing results in Kenya. The elements that influence wellbeing results include: separation to closest wellbeing office (5km or more) and other family unit pay. This suggests expanding general wellbeing consumption doesn't prompt decreased maternal death rates. Since different determinants (access to clinical office and other family unit pay) fundamentally influence the wellbeing results, the administration needs to set up measures to guarantee that ladies can without much of a stretch access wellbeing offices and sharpen them to guarantee that they convey in wellbeing offices and go to antenatal consideration. This investigation did exclude some significant factors that influence maternal death rates like the effect of social practices, for example, female genital mutilation (FGM), inclination of specific sorts of human services suppliers (counting customary and natural medication) and prior relationships. Accordingly we recommend that in future, concentrates in this field should focus on these factors. Part ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background data Wellbeing is the degree to which an individual or gathering can adapt to the relational, social, organic, and physical situations (World Bank, 2004). Wellbeing is in this way an asset for regular day to day existence, not the target of living. It is a constructive idea grasping social and individual assets just as physical and mental limits. Wellbeing financing is a key contribution to the arrangement of value social insurance. Governments have consistently had a conspicuous job in conquering general wellbeing dangers and this is a significant zone of worry in less created nations like Kenya (Scott, 2001). The arrangement of good wellbeing fulfills one of the essential human needs and contributes altogether to keeping up and upgrading the efficiency of the individuals (Owino, 1997). Open consumption on wellbeing administrations subsequently is a key interest in human capital and assumes a reactant job in the development of the economy by empowering individuals to accomplish their maximum capacity and have profitable existences. In acknowledgment of the significance of human wellbeing, one of the Kenya governments significant objectives since autonomy has been to accomplish satisfactory and great quality social insurance for all residents (GOK, 1965). To address wellbeing results in creating nations, for example, Kenya, UNICEF advocates for expanded open use on wellbeing (UNICEF, 2006). Along these lines, numerous nations in creating nations have expanded their wellbeing consumption after some time. For instance, to accomplish better wellbeing results, Kenya has expanded its wellbeing consumption from Kshs. 11.9 billion out of 2000 to Kshs. 20 billion of every 2004 speaking to a 30% expansion as appeared in Figure 1.1 (GOK, 2007). Yet, more assets alone may not really lead to better wellbeing results since human services consumption is just one of the numerous components that add to wellbeing results, considering the way that these assets might be diverted to different ventures that may not straightforwardly impact wellbeing results. The connection between government wellbeing uses and wellbeing results may in this manner not really be available. Initial, an expansion in general wellbeing consumptions may bring about a diminishing in private wellbeing uses; a family may occupy its assets towards different uses once the administration builds its arrangement of fundamental human services. Second, the steady government consumptions might be utilized on the serious instead of the broad edge. A case of serious consumptions would be if costly and low efficiency inputs are purchased with negligible assets in which case the effect of these uses on wellbeing results might be little. Third, regardless of whether additional assets are applied broadly to social insurance (for example more staff at emergency clinics, satisfactory stocking of meds), however reciprocal administrations, both inside and outside the wellbeing area, are not there (for example absence of streets or transportation to emergency clinics and facilities, financed costs for medicine, and so forth.) the effect of additional administration wellbeing uses might be pretty much nothing or none (Wagstaff, 2002a). Notwithstanding wellbeing use, Kenya likewise held hands with other one hundred and eighty eight nations in a worldwide exertion to improve wellbeing result and reaffirmed its responsibility to the assembled Nations Millennium Development objectives (MDGs). Three of these thousand years advancement objectives are straightforwardly identified with wellbeing. These are to (I) diminish kid mortality, (ii) Improve maternal wellbeing and (iii) battle HIV/AIDS, jungle fever and different sicknesses. Notwithstanding these worldwide and nearby intercessions in wellbeing, execution of Kenyas wellbeing area as far as maternal mortality has stayed as high as 400 and eighty eight maternal passings for each 100,000 live births in 2008/9, an expansion from 400 and fourteen for every 100,000 live births in 2003, 500 and ninety for each 100,000 out of 1998 (KDHS, 2008-09). Figure 1.2. Most maternal passings are because of causes legitimately identified with pregnancy and labor, risky fetus removal and obstetric entanglements, for example, extreme dying, disease, hypertensive issue, and discouraged work (KDHS, 2008-09). Improving maternal wellbeing being one of the eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) received at the 2000 Millennium Summit, and with just three years left until the 2015 cutoff time to accomplish the MDGs, closer assessment of maternal mortality levels is expected to educate arranging regarding regenerative wellbeing programs and to manage promotion endeavors and resear ch at the national level. These appraisals are additionally required at the worldwide level, to illuminate dynamic concerning subsidizing support for the accomplishment of this objective. Subsequently this examination centers around the connection between wellbeing consumption and wellbeing results in Kenya all the more especially, how general wellbeing use impacts on maternal death rates and different determinants of wellbeing results. Figure 1.1 Public Health consumption slants in Kenya Source: Kenya Demographic Health Survey 2008/09 Figure 1.2 Trends in maternal mortality: 1990-2008 Source: Kenya Demographic Health Survey 2008/09 1.1.2 Public Health use in Kenya Satisfactory assets are basic to supportable arrangement of wellbeing administrations. The administration remains the significant agent of medicinal services, meeting almost 50% of the national wellbeing repetitive use. The Kenya arrangement system of 1994 recognized a few techniques for wellbeing administrations financing, including tax collection, client expenses, contributor assets, and medical coverage. These techniques have advanced into significant systems for subsidizing wellbeing administrations in the nation. The GOK supports the wellbeing area through budgetary allotments to the MOH. Notwithstanding, charge incomes are temperamental wellsprings of wellbeing account, due to macroeconomic conditions, for example, poor development, national obligation, and expansion, which frequently influence wellbeing designations. The legislature accordingly works intimately with improvement accomplices to fund-raise for the wellbeing area. Benefactor commitments to the wellbeing segment have been on the expansion, ascending from eight percent of the wellbeing spending plan in 1994-95 to sixteen percent in the monetary 2001/2002. In certain years, giver commitments represented more than 90% of the improvement financial plan of the MOH (Ministry of Health, 2006). As per the 2001-2002 national wellbeing accounts (NHA), as refered to by Wamai (2009) Kenya burns through 5.1% of its GDP on wellbeing. He refered to that the wellbeing spending plan had developed fundamentally from Ksh15.2 billion in Fiscal 2001/02 to Ksh34.4 billion in Fiscal 2008/09. He included that the extent of by and large government consumption that the legislature spent on wellbeing declined over a similar period from 9% to 7.9% in Fiscal 2006/07. In 1992 a cost-sharing framework was acquainted with influence more assets for wellbeing administrations (Collins et al, 1996). Income from the cost-sharing framework expanded exponentially from Ksh60 million in Fiscal 1992/93 to over Ksh1, 468 million in Fiscal 2005/06. In any case, the incomes by and large portion of all out wellbeing consumption for Fiscal 2005/06 was only 6.4% of the MOHs all out spending (MOH, 2007). Figure 1.3: Overview of Kenyas wellbeing spending plan, FY2002 2008 ( US$ million) Source: Health Policy Initiative examination of Ministry of clinical administrations, 2008 Figure 1.4: Absolute estimation of Total Health Expenditure (THE) by financing source 2001-2010 Source: Kenya National Health Accounts 2009/10 Surveys of open consumptions and financial plans in Kenya show that all out wellbeing spending comprises around eight percent of the complete government use and that repetitive uses have been reliably higher than the improvement uses, both in outright terms, and as a level of the GDP. Government financing of wellbeing consumption is around 60% of what is required to give least wellbeing administrations, suggesting that medicinal services conveyance in Kenya is under-supported (KHDR, 1999). This is emphasizd by wastefulness of the framework, including absence of cost-viability in administration conveyance. In any case, fundamental data from Kenyas national wellbeing accounts shows that the money related commitments of family units (cash based costs) surpass those of the legislature. (Collins et al. 1996) The per capita use thusly misses the mark regarding the Government of Kenyas pledge to burn through fifteen percent of its complete spending plan on wellbeing, as concurred in the Abuja Declaration. The under-financing of the wellbeing area has subsequently diminished its capacity to guarantee a satisfactory degree of administration arrangement to the populace (Collins et al. 1996). The national wellbeing concern in this way is the degree to which extra wellbeing consumption on explicit consideration programs like maternal wellbeing will advance/increment advantages of the patients through improved results in wellbeing (decrease in maternal death rates). 1.1.3 Maternal medicinal services in Kenya Improving maternal wellbeing is one of the eigh

Knowledge And Knowledge Of Knowledge - 1241 Words

In the Natural Sciences and Religion the gaining of knowledge involves networks of ways of knowing which are often linked together in order to produce knowledge. However, the gaining of knowledge can be centered on academic knowledge production for example, gaining knowledge while working on an academic research otherwise through a process of discovery where knowledge suddenly comes into people. In addition to this, a network can be defined as connections between entities to create an integrated whole. Therefore the entities, being the ways of knowing, result with the integrated whole being the knowledge. The ways of knowing are the means by which we are provided with the essential information and understanding that permits us to gain knowledge within an area of knowledge. Information can be gained while reading, reasoning, observing and talking. Also, since ways of knowing interact with each other, each area of knowledge uses a network of ways of knowing to gain knowledge. In this essay I will discuss, how in order to gain knowledge there is the involvement of a network of ways of knowing. Also, I will be analyzing this question through the perspective of two subject areas : Natural Sciences and Religion. The two areas of knowledge, Religion and the Natural Sciences use different methodologies in the acquisition of knowledge. In the Natural Sciences the only acceptable approach in order to gain knowledge within this area of knowledge is the scientific method. TheShow MoreRelatedThe Knowledge Of Knowledge And Knowledge Essay1450 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is knowledge? Some would say that it is simply â€Å"to know,† but it is much deeper than that. The philosophers of knowledge have developed arguments about the different terms used to explain the term â€Å"knowledge.† As apparent with philosophers, each philosopher has his or her thought about the idea of knowledge where they either agree with some of their fellow philosophers, or criticize their ideas. 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We will also discuss theRead MoreScientific Knowledge Is Reliable Knowledge871 Words   |  4 Pagesreact and my own personal opinion. â€Å"Scientific knowledge is proven knowledge. Scientific theories are derived in some rigorous way from the facts of experience acquired by observation and experiment. Science is based on what we can see and hear and touch, etc. Personal opinion or preferences and speculative imaginings have no place in science. Science is objective. Scientific knowledge is reliable knowledge because it is objectively proven knowledge.† Chalmers is a supporter of an inductivist viewRead MoreArchitectural Knowledge And Modular Knowledge1489 Words   |  6 PagesIt suggests that there are two forms of knowledge that firms use: architectural knowledge and modular knowledge. Architectural knowledge captures the relationship between each individual component within a product or process architecture (Henderson and Clark,1990). It also defines how different activities interface in the supply chain. The architectural knowledge constitutes the composition embedded within the organization. Modular knowledge contains the individual characteristics and functions inRead MoreRelationship Between Knowledge And Knowledge1357 Words   |  6 PagesThe Oxford’s dictionary defines knowledge as â€Å"Facts, information and skills acquired through experience or educational or practical understanding of a subject† and Plato defined knowledge as a â€Å"justified true belief†. Knowledge acquired and developed by a group of people rather than one individual gives rise to the idea of shared knowledge or common knowledge. Everyone contributes to shared knowledge and it does not solely depend on the contributions from one individual as there is a possibility

Strategic Situation Analysis and Tool †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Strategic Situation Analysis and Tool. Answer: Introduction Blackmore Limited is an Australian Company, which manufactures and markets the healthy and diet supplements. This report examines the internal and external analysis of the Blackmore Limited Company. Internal analysis of the company is conducted by analyzing the resources and capabilities of Blackmores. It highlights some of the quality of its management and other resources. Porters five forces analysis and PESTLE technique are used for analyzing external environment of this organization. Furthermore, it includes the SWOT analysis to find out its strengths, weaknesses and opportunities and threats. This report discusses the current situation of Blackmores Limited in the industry. The graphs indicate the financial performance of the company in previous five years. Blackmores Limited was a naturopathic organization in Australia, which was founded by Maurice Blackmore in Brisbane in the year 1938. Now, the company has grown to be a household health and vitamin supplements. It has been a market leader for more than 70 years. Currently, it is offering more than 150 products and serving all the areas in health and vitamins. It distributes the products primarily via supermarkets, retail pharmacy and food shops. In the year 2011, the size and profit of company are growing continually. Balckmores has continuously increased its operating revenue over past few years, due to its large demand from the China for high quality vitamins. The products of company are considered superior by the Australian consumers. Recently, it has developed its product range to mix the infant formula (DataGroup Stifung, 2017). This technique has been proven successful for many New Zealand and Australian based manufacturers. In financial year 2015, the revenue for Blackmores wa s more than $471 million. There was a 34% increase year by year. This growth in the revenue for company is common for the company because it has average rate of 16.6% year on year increase over the period of previous six years, i.e. financial year 2010 to 2015. There are so many competitors in the minerals, vitamins and supplements industry. The major vitamin supplement providers in the industry are Cenovis, Swisse, Berocca and Natures Way (Steiner, 2010). These are the most famous companies for the health and vitamin supplements in Australian market. Consumer preferences and Market Trends As the consumers are becoming more conscious about their health, so they prefer to take the vitamins and other dietary supplements. The sales of Blackmores Company have more than twice in period of 2013 to 2016. Profitability also followed this trend and increased over 300% in same period. The below given graphs show the trends in sales, gross margin, gross profit etc (Financial Times, 2017). The chart indicates that this company has managed its growth effectively by using additional operational volume to support the growth (Financial Times, 2017). The graph shows the revenue, generated by Blackmores in different segments. The senior management of the company is better than other companies in the industry. There is the stable leadership from last 30 years. Marcus Blackmores retains more than 30% stake in the company. The people at top management are committed to core values, like; leadership, trust, best performance and natural approach to health. HR management of the company is very effective. They are focusing on the recruitment and section process, training and high quality staff. Due to this, company was awarded for the best employers award in the year 2005-06. Company is having quality control teams to ensure the highest quality of the suppliers (Kraja Osmani, 2015). The major and significant resources and capabilities, which can be recognized and those provide this company with the viable competitive advantage are like; internal culture, trained staff, research and development of new and existing products, assured quality, brand reputation and awareness (Blackwell Eppler, 2014). It is the primary policy of Blackmores to provide the high quality products to its customers. This constant standard of the quality has clarified trough into reputation of Blackmores. This company has culture, which has developed great relationships among employees and top management. Blackmores is an undoubted leader in the healthcare research and development (Agarwal, Grassl, Pahl, 2012). It is continuously refining its existing products and producing new products. There is innovation in the operations of the company, which is providing it with the more viable competitive advantage. Furthermore, brand reputation is a critical factor to success of firm. According to a market research, Blackmores is the most trusted health care brand in this market. The capabilities in the RD provide it appreciated intellectual capital and knowledge, which is difficult for other companies. SWOT analysis Strengths Blackmores Limited has strong brand name in the Vitamin and supplement industry in Australia. It is the most trusted brand of Vitamin and health supplements. It is one of the oldest brand of vitamin and diet supplements in Australia Supply chain of the company is highly effective and efficient. Consumers can deal with the warehouses of the company directly. 11 years of successive growth in sales Having strong market position can make able to price its products at premium level Weaknesses Blackmores operational strategy is not clearly defined. It uses very common operational strategies. Distribution channel of the company is limited. There are only three retail stores, which sell 57% of products of Blackmores. There is decrease in the bargaining power from major distribution channels. Over-diversified products without any specialization Lack of appropriation product to fit the different market High expenses in research and development Opportunities Blackmores company has opened its online retail store, which may increase in sales of the company It has launched the products the products related to biomedical market and pet care Increased awareness of health and lifestyle issues Shifting demographics of the population in Asia and Australia Threats There are so many competitors in the market, who are deriving intense competition for the Balckmores Company. The chemists can ask for lower prices for implementing discount strategy. Highly regulated market Competitors are using more aggressive strategy High pressure of sale price and cost limitation from retailers and customers Competition from substitutes, for example; liquid vitamins Media and research against the supplements PESTLE analysis There are some political factors, which impact the growth of Blackmores organization in Australia. Political factors generate both opportunities and threats for the company. There are some changes to the government being more liberal, which usually stays for the deregulations and lower rate of taxes for any business. This shows that next three years may bring favorable changes in the political atmosphere in Australia (Warner, 2010). Apart from this, there may some uncertainty and unknown changes by the liberal government. If there will be high involvement of government in the industry, the political changes may generate unfavorable market conditions for the industry. The devaluation of the Australian currency makes it more inexpensive for the foreign customers to purchase the products. It can make the Blackmores products more economical and competitive and give a potential for the development of its business in global markets. This point creates opportunity for the company. There is another factor, which poses threat to the Blackmores Limited. The main factor is weak economy of Australia, which is deriving out from the mining boom. It will lead to the recession and economic downturn. Because various vitamins and health supplements are considered uncompelled spending, this can obstruct the spending in Australian industry, which is the reason behind the 85% sales of Blackmores Limited (Market Report, 2017). Social factors are very important for this industry. The people are giving more focus on their health and there is trend of vitamin and health supplement intakes. The aging population of Australia and their health conditions are requiring more vitamins. It increases the sale of vitamins and other health supplements. Online shopping is viable, whereby the customers are trying to find out the cheapest products available. If the supplements are cheaper outside the Australia, then consumers may prefer to buy the product from outside buyers. There may be some technology factors, like; availability of international shipping and shipping costs are also decreased. It is making the online shopping more worthy. Although, Blackmores limited is taking the advantage of technology advancement (Hopkins, 2015). Blackmores LTD is very much based on the technology and efficient and helping the organization in staying competitive in pharmaceutical industry. The company has created an application for its products, which allows its target customers to get the information about the vitamin supplements. If an organization addresses the environmental issues, then it can be seen as an eco-friendly organization. Blackmores emphasized on this with the building of the company campus, which focuses on minimizing their environmental effect. It is using various techniques for minimizing the wastage of production. The company is continuously finding the ways to reduce the environmental impact of packaging of products and enhance the recycling rates. In Australia, there are various legal diameters and regulatory frameworks, in which the company is running. The companies are abiding by tax laws and policies, trade laws and other legal regulations, which impact the Blackmores limited. Micro-environment analysis Blackmores Limited is facing aggressive competition in Australia and in other countries. From all the companies, Swisse Vitamins is creating the biggest competition for Blackmores in Australia. In East Asia, Blackmores Limited is very small player, which is competing against well-recognized global and domestic brands. As the Vitamin and supplement industry is at the mature stage, so there is not much scope for the growth (Nelson Alkhafaji, 2013). The organizations are not able to differentiate their products, which directed to the price competition conflicts. W hereas the large organizations like; Blackmores is having the competitive advantage because of economies of scale. Small companies in this industry are having benefit of development in the technology by selling products and items online. The foreign manufacturers are also posing the competition by selling their products on cheap rates due to low overhead expenses. The buyers in Australia have limited options, as there are very few vitamin and supplement players in country. It is importing the products from Asia Pacific and generally perceived to buy lower quality products in comparison to Australian products (Grant, 2008). Moreover, recent introduction of online business, Blackmores Limited has to establish better relationships with the major buyers, who produce more than half of its profits. The people are able to buy the products from online stores. As the Blackmores is one of the biggest players the respective industry, so they are considered to have enough power to create long term contracts with the suppliers to reduce production and manufacturing costs. In addition, there are various small suppliers to select (Lynn, 2011). Most of the inputs, which are used by the Blackmores are not very much specialized, so the bargaining power of the suppliers keep on weak its expansion in Asian countries could too develop the choices for suppliers. The vitamin and heath supplement industry in Australia is at the maturity stage of its life cycle. However, there is a growing demand in the vitamins and other health supplements, which is enhanced by the boosted economic conditions in Australia and health awareness among the consumers. The major market share of this industry is covered by two large players, i.e. Swisse and Blackmores. It has made very difficult for the new entrants to enter in this industry. Furthermore, the major barriers to the entry to the market are bounded by requirements of different legal formalities (Thompson Martin, 2010). Threat of substitute products is very low for the Blackmores. Fresh food is the only option for substituting the vitamins and supplements but it is very difficult for the body of human being to absorb nutrients from the food (Hitt, Ireland Hoskisson, 2009). It is very difficult for the people, who are in older age and have weak digestive system. Increase in health awareness among people will enhance the demand for vitamins and health supplements. Conclusion This is hereby concluded that Blackmores Limited is a string leader in the vitamin and dietary supplement industry. The company is operating its business by using effective resources and capabilities. External analysis of the company shows that company has sufficient strengths and opportunities to overcome its weaknesses and threats. Using some effective strategies can improve its position in upcoming years. The graphs indicate the growth and sales of the company. It has maintained a better growth by managing all the operating expenses. The profitability and sales of company are also increasing continuously. The position in respective industry is very strong but now there are some competitors, who are posing intense competition for Blackmores. So, the company should use some aggressive strategies to grow in this competitive environment. References Agarwal, R., Grassl, W. Pahl, J, 2012, SWOT: introducing a new strategic planning tool. Journal of Business Strategy, 33 (2), pp. 12. Blackwell, R. Eppler, D, 2014, An Approach to Strategic Situation Analysis: Using Models as Analytical Tools, The Journal of Global Business Management Volume 10, No. 1. DataGroup Stifung, 2017, The Tactical and Strategic Report, Blackmores Limited, Retrieved from https://www.dg-di.com/PureData/Australia/blackmores.html. Financial Times, 2017, Blackmores Ltd., Retrieved from https://markets.ft.com/data/equities/tearsheet/financials?s=BKL:ASX. Grant, R. M, 2008, Contemporary strategy analysis. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons. Hitt, M. A., Ireland, R. D., Hoskisson, R. E, 2009, Strategic management: Competitiveness and globalization, concepts and cases. Mason: Cengage Learning, South-Western. Hopkins, J, 2015, One big reason to invest in Blackmores Limited, Retrieved from https://www.fool.com.au/2015/07/16/one-big-reason-to-invest-in-blackmores-limited/. InvestSmart, 2017, Blacckmores Limited (BKL), Retrieved from https://www.investsmart.com.au/shares/asx-bkl/blackmores-limited. Kraja, Y.B. Osmani, E, 2015, Importance of external and internal environment in creation of competitive advantage to smes, European Scientific Journal. Lynn, M, 2011, Segmenting and Targeting Your Market: Strategies and Limitations. Cornell University School of Hotel Administration. Market Report, 2017, Blackmores Limited (BKL) - Financial and Strategic SWOT Analysis Review, Sector Publishing Intelligence Limited. Nelson, R.A. Alkhafaji, A, 2013, Strategic Management: Formulation, Implementation, and Control in a Dynamic. Routledge Publishers. Steiner, G.A, 2010, Strategic Planning. Simon and Schuster Publications. Thompson, J.L. Martin, F, 2010, Strategic Management: Awareness Change. Cengage Learning. Warner, A.G, 2010, Strategic Analysis and Choice: A Structural Approach, Business Express Book.

Thank You for Smoking by Nick Naylor free essay sample

Maknojia Professor Christopher Dunn English 1302- Essay One 27 February 2013 Thank You for Smoking Thank You for smoking is about a lobbyist name Nick Naylor who is the vice-president of Academy of Tobacco studies. The movie revolves around how Nick smooth-talks everyone into believing that Tobacco is not very harmful. Nick Naylors main job was to make people aware of the research his academy does and answer questions on television regarding health claims against tobacco. Nick believed everyone has some sort of talent and he has the talent to talk people in or out of an argument. He always knew what to say and when he needs to say it. In the movie Thank You For Smoking the main character Nick Naylor shows the power of how argument when it is done in a correct manner, which can make everything seem right. There were many instances in the movie when Nick showed the power of argument. We will write a custom essay sample on Thank You for Smoking by Nick Naylor or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In the movie he argued himself out of some other argument. Throughout the movie Nick showed the power of art and power of argument from the smallest of things to very serious matters. The first instance I thought he showed his knowledge about argument is when he is with his son in Los Angeles and teaching him how you do not have to be right to win an argument. He is teaching his son an art of argument by saying that to win an argument all you have to do is to prove other persons argument wrong. The reason why I thought it was kind of an interesting philosophy of Nick Naylor is because it is kind of true sometimes you do not have to prove yourself right. All you have to do is that prove the other person wrong which will automatically make you correct. The second time I thought Nick Naylor showed his power over arguing is at the beginning of the movie when he is at a television talk show and he was being criticized of how the academy is not doing anything to prevent the number of deaths of children because of tobacco. Here again using his great skill of smooth talking saying that why would a tobacco company would want their customers to die. Again he made a point which I thought was very logical. He put an end to this argument by claiming how academy is putting their own money to help persuade kids not to smoke. Nick again using the power of his argument skills by putting the on us on the other guy instead of himself and let the other guy prove his case instead Nick trying to prove his. The third evidence of Nick’s argument abilities is shown at the congressional hearing towards the end. When he was arguing on the issue of people being not informed enough about the dangers of tobacco, he was asked to come in to prove that otherwise. Here again instead of proving his own point, Nick Naylor brought up a whole new argument to get peoples focus off from the tobacco argument. He made another valid point by saying that if tobacco’s hazardous warning needs to be more prominent on its packaging because it is great danger to American people health than cheese have to have hazardous warning too. He argued that a lot Americans died because of cholesterol so they should put a more prominent danger warning on cheese related products too. Nick gave a great analogy about people being knowledgeable enough to make their own decisions. Just like cheese do not need a warning sign because people are aware of the danger of cholesterol by eating too much cheese, people who smoke are aware of the harm of tobacco. It’s a person own choice what they want to consume and what they do not, people are knowledgeable enough to know what is harmful to them and what is not. These claims that Nick have made about the beauty of arguing supports my thesis about how throughout the Nick Naylor showed the power of argument if it is done correctly. He argued with his counter parts in a manner that it never looked like he was arguing. He talked in such a soft, smooth tone that sometime he was not the one who was defending the argument and it is the other way around. Some people think arguing never brings any good, but in this movie Nick Naylor showed how arguing, if done correctly, can persuade people to change their way of thinking. I thought the last dialogue of Nick Naylor sums up his talent of arguing quiet brilliantly. â€Å"Michael Jordan plays ball. Charles Manson kills people. I talk. Everyone has a talent. †

Fennec Fox Facts (Vulpes zerda)

Fennec Fox Facts (Vulpes zerda) The fennec fox (Vulpes zerda) is known for its huge ears and diminutive size. It is the smallest member of the canid (dog) family. Whether the fennec truly belongs in the genus Vulpes is debated because it has fewer chromosome pairs than other fox species, lives in packs while other foxes are solitary, and has different scent glands. Sometimes fennec foxes are known by the scientific name Fennecus zerda. Its common name comes from the Berber-Arabic word fanak, which means fox. Fast Facts: Fennec Fox Scientific Name: Vulpes zerdaCommon Names: Fennec fox, fennecBasic Animal Group: MammalSize: 9.5-16 inch body plus a 7-12 inch tailWeight: 1.5-3.5 poundsLifespan: 10-14 yearsDiet: OmnivoreHabitat: North Africa and the Sahara DesertPopulation: StableConservation Status: Least Concern Description The fennec foxs most distinctive feature is its large ears, which may measure 6 inches. The ears help the fox identify prey at night and dissipate heat during the day. The fox is small, with a body ranging from 9 to 16 inches in length, plus a bushy 7 to 12 inch tail. Adults weigh between 1.5 and 3.5 pounds. The fennecs thick coat is cream-colored with a black-tipped tail. The fluffy coat insulates the fox against temperatures that range from below freezing at night to over 100 F during the day. Fur covers their paws, protecting them from getting burned by hot sand and improving traction on shifting dunes. Fennec foxes lack musk glands found in other fox species, but have glands on their tail tips that produce a musky odor when the fox is startled. Habitat and Distribution Fennec foxes live in North Africa and Asia. They range from Morocco to Egypt, south to northern Niger, and east to Israel and Kuwait. The foxes are most at home in sand dunes, but they will live where soil is compacted, too. Diet Foxes are omnivores. Fennec foxes are nocturnal hunters that use their sensitive ears to detect the movement of small underground prey. They eat rodents, insects, birds and their eggs, and also fruit and other plants. Fennecs will drink free water, but dont require it. They get their water from food, plus digging in the ground causes dew formation that the animals can lick. Behavior Fennec foxes communicate using a wide variety of sounds, including a purr resembling that of a cat. Males mark territory with urine. Other fox species are mostly solitary, but fennec foxes are highly social. The basic social unit is a mated pair and their offspring for the present and previous year. The group lives in elaborate dens dug into sand or compacted soil. Fennec fox kits are born with closed eyes and folded ears. Floridapfe / Getty Images Reproduction and Offspring Fennec foxes mate once a year in January and February and give birth in March and April. Gestation typically lasts between 50 and 52 days. The female or vixen gives birth in the den to a litter of one to four kits. A birth, the kits eyes are closed and its ears are folded over. Kits are weaned by 61 to 70 days of age. The male feeds the female while she is caring for the young. Fennec foxes reach sexual maturity around nine months of age and mate for life. They have an average life expectancy of 14 years in captivity and are believed to live about 10 years in the wild. Conservation Status The IUCN classifies fennec fox conservation status as least concern. The foxes are still abundant within most of their range, so the population may be stable. The species is listed under CITES Appendix II to help protect the foxes from international trade abuse. Threats The foxs most significant natural predator is the eagle owl. Fennecs are hunted for fur and trapped for the pet trade. But, the most significant threat comes from human settlement and commercialization of the Sahara. Many foxes are killed by vehicles, plus they may suffer habitat loss and degradation. Some people keep fennec foxes as pets. petrenkod / Getty Images Fennec Foxes and Humans The fennec fox is the national animal of Algeria. In some places, its legal to keep fennec foxes as pets. While not truly domesticated, they can be tamed. Like other foxes, they can dig under or climb over most enclosures. Most canine vaccinations are safe for fennecs. Although nocturnal by nature, fennec foxes (like cats) adapt to human schedules. Sources Alderton, David. Foxes, Wolves, and Wild Dogs of the World. London: Blandford, 1998. ISBN 081605715X.Nobleman, Marc Tyler. Foxes. Benchmark Books (NY). pp. 35–36, 2007. ISBN 978-0-7614-2237-2.Sillero-Zubiri, Claudio; Hoffman, Michael; Mech, Dave. Canids: Foxes, Wolves, Jackals and Dogs: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. World Conservation Union. pp. 208–209, 2004. ISBN 978-2-8317-0786-0.Wacher, T., Bauman, K. Cuzin, F. Vulpes zerda. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T41588A46173447. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T41588A46173447.en

Total Quality Management Survey Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Total Quality Management Survey Paper - Essay Example 3. Effective involvement and utilization of entire staff. 4. Constant and continuous improvement in the business performance. 5. Working through synergy with suppliers. 6. Establishing the performance measures for various areas. In this discussion, we would be analyzing three companies from manufacturing, service and not for profit organizations and would be further analyzing customer driven quality, leadership, employee management and training and measurement, monitoring with analysis for each and every organization. The Organization that I am going to discuss is the Caterpillar, the company was found in 1925 as a result of a merger with Holt Manufacturing Co. and it strived and settled it self because of the lack of competition, they were the pioneers in manufacturing the construction equipments of that time which were also used in the world war I and II effectively. The company is manufacturing seven types of products, but has a list of four hundred products as the seven are the main product types, originally it was formed as a heavy equipment industry and providing services such as construction and agricultural products, including tractors, engineering vehicles, bulldozers, loaders, but it has also diversified now keeping in view its customer's needs and wants, and so it also started making the rough and tough shoes. The company was having the revenue of about US $ 36.339 Billion in the year 2005 and it is currently employing about 77,000 people approximately, the organizational culture that the company is showing is strong enough in terms of services they are providing right now, it was all due to the fierce competition with Komatsu that the company decided to change its culture in 1990s as a result they are having very strong hold in the market, the culture was weak before 1990s as there were so many of the labor strikes and a lot of shutdown processing, but sooner the company identified its weakness and worked on it, one of the biggest reasons of its success is that now the entire union of employees work together and corporate at their level best with the customer as a result the company has achieved excellence, which was otherwise not possible if there wouldn't be any team work or if there was no maximum utilization of the work force they have. The Customers of Caterpillar are usually construction firms and also few contractors having construction business, as no body can buy the Caterpillar products for the personal use, thus all the efforts are directed on the industrial business zone rather than private customers. The customers are viewing Caterpillar a high quality product as the company has produced even the custom made equipments for them, without accepting nonconformance. The features, performance, conformance, reliability, durability, service, response and reputations are the quality dimensions, which have been attracting the customers from a long time. The leadership has played a major part in the survival of Caterpillar Co. No body can expect a company to resist the pressure when the labor turns against it, here the leadership played a vital role for Caterpillar, now the organization has recruited people who are already excelled in their fields and have no complaints against the organization, the employees are bei ng treated as family members and all of these

The world's oceans, Should Ocean Protected Areas Exist Essay

The world's oceans, Should Ocean Protected Areas Exist - Essay Example Should Ocean Protected Areas Exist (increase the area/rate)? Overexploitations of marine resources and overfishing have necessitated the need for ocean protected areas. Today marine protected areas have been proved to be essential for restoring fisheries, promoting marine biodiversity and increasing marine productivity in the oceans. Even though marine resources play a pivotal role in the economic development of the nation scientific studies reveal that â€Å"many of our marine resources are overexploited and face external environmental threats† (Sanchirico, Cochran & Emerson 1). Such overexploitation or overfishing adversely affect fragile ocean habitats, damage ocean ecosystems, cause disturbances in food chains and result in the loss of unique marine life communities. Marine resources are so much important for the humans as â€Å"97 % of all the water on the Earth is in the oceans† (Yang) and because â€Å"71% of Earth’s surface† (Woods Hole Oceanographic) is covered by oceans. Stabilizing climate temperatures, e xchanging of climate gases, and increasing biodiversity are parts of benefits that the ocean yields us. Similarly, ocean produces half of the oxygen that the humans breathe and offers a great environmental condition that keeps organisms alive and growing. As Langreth has rightly pointed out ocean offers shelter to an estimated â€Å"five million species, most of which have not yet been classified† (Langreth). However, man’s indiscriminate actions such as dumping waste materials, oils, overfishing, and noise pollutions pose great threat to the marine life in oceans. Therefore, it is imperative that man protects and conserves marine life through such radical measures as the marine protected areas. ... Certain species such as bluefin tuna have already been destroyed or disappeared from the ocean. While overfishing has led to the disappearance of tens of thousands of bluefin tuna across the seas of Northern Europe in the 1930s and 1940s it has contributed to the vanishing of Halibut from the North Atlantic during the 19th century (Overfished and under-protected: Oceans on the brink of catastrophic collapse). Similarly, trawling towards is one of the methods for fishing and it is really harmful to the ocean. Bottom-trawling which involves dropping a large net, â€Å"around 60 meters-wide into the sea and dragging it along with heavy weights from a trawler cause ‘worst and unnecessary damage’ to many species of fishes† (Overfished and under-protected: Oceans on the brink of catastrophic collapse). Marine pollution is another major harm done by the humans to the ocean. Mostly, man’s indiscriminate dumping of such harmful materials into the sea as pesticides, herbicides, chemical fertilizers, detergents, oil, sewage, plastics, and other solids result in massive marine pollution. These have caused around 400 dead zones around the world and these harmful materials â€Å"rob the water of oxygen, leaving areas where little or no marine life can exist† (Marine Pollution). In addition, noise pollution such as sound waves from the cargo ships also kills a lot of organism in the ocean. It has been identified that the presence of loud or persistent sounds from ships, sonar devices, oil rigs, and even from natural sources like earthquakes can â€Å"disrupt the migration, communication, hunting, and reproduction patterns of many marine animals, particularly aquatic mammals like whales and dolphins† (Marine Pollution). Marine protection is possible only through competent and

Commanding Heights Essay Example for Free

Commanding Heights Essay †¢ Episode 1: The Battle of Ideas begs a comparison between socialism and capitalism. †¢ It traces the world’s economic history from the early 1900’s to the events following 9/11. †¢ Asks the question which is a better and more foolproof economic system government control or free markets? †¢ It delves into how the First World War impacted two brilliant economists, Keynes and Hayek. And then follows both Keynes and Hayek through their respective career paths (Keynes role as an advisor to the British Government on wartime economy and Hayek as an Austrian soldier). †¢ Keynes predicted that the result of the treaty of Versailles and demanding reparations from an already bankrupt Germany and Austria would cause another war, The Second World War. †¢ Meanwhile Hayek and his disciple Zlabinger fought against hyper inflation and encouraged free markets. †¢ Simultaneously the American Economy was booming, till October 24th, 1930 when the great depression hit and unemployment soared and industry stopped and half of the US banks were closed down. †¢ During this time Keynes’s theory of government intervention helped lead the way out of the problem (Keynes wrote about Macroeconomics). †¢ Meanwhile Lenin had introduced the New Economic Policy which consisted of grass root level capitalism but the commanding heights would still be under the government. The reform was met with scrutiny from the left, soon after Stalin took power and employed centralised planning of every economic aspect. †¢ Owing to the recovery from the Great Depression and Keynes’ key role in the Breton Woods Conference, in America Keynesianism took control and Hayek faded into the background. †¢ In Britain a welfare state and socialism built the country back from the bottom up. †¢ Newly independent countries like India also employed Keynesian methods, allowing for State led industry. †¢ One third of the world followed aspects of socialism until Churchill and Margaret Thatcher and Keith Joseph were influenced by Hayek’s book, ‘Road to Serfdom.’ †¢ In Germany, Ludwig Erhard stopped price control and re-started the free market economy to combat hyperinflation. The success of his risky decision led to the German Economic Miracle. †¢ While Keynes’ still had a strong hold over Washington, a Chicago School of Economics was created and it emphasised Hayek’s theory as a measure to battle stagflation. †¢ Finally Thatcher’s election and confidence in Hayek’s theory allowed for free markets to be established again. Thus, after a period of a century came back to where it was at the beginning of the century, back to free markets.

Exploring Girls Participation in Violence Essay -- Exploratory Resear

Exploring Girls' Participation in Violence Introduction Youth violence, and particularly violence carried out by girls, has been the subject of intense media attention recently, with an ever-increasing number of girls portrayed as carrying guns in their mouths and participating in violent crime. Although the percentage of girls' involvement in delinquency and crime has increased in the last two decades, it is still far below the level of boys' involvement, and it differs quite significantly. There is a paucity of literature on girls' violence, as most research on youth violence does not distinguish between girls and boys. The most comprehensive and extensive literature reviews on young women's crime and delinquency have been conducted by Meda Chesney-Lind and her associates. While not focusing exclusively on violent girls, their work on girls in trouble with the law provides much insight into the complex issue of girls' aggression and violence. The summary of research in this brief is, for the most part, guided by their work. Overall, the brief reviews the extent of girls' delinquency and violence, the ways they differ from boys', the contributing factors, and effective program strategies to prevent female delinquency. The Scope of Girls' Delinquency, Crime, and Violence The Extent of Girls' Involvement An understanding of the extent of girls' delinquency can be gleaned from statistics, as compiled by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and other official agencies, and from self-report surveys conducted with young people. These data demonstrate that girls are far less likely than boys to be arrested; in 1994, for example, girls accounted for one-fourth of youthful arrests (Chesney-Lind & Brown... ...s in the Maryland juvenile justice system. Findings of the Female Population Taskforce. Presentation to the Gender Specific Services Training, Minneapolis, MN. Moore, J.W., & Hagedorn, J.M. (1996). What happens to girls in the gang? In C.R. Huff (Ed.), Gangs in America (pp. 205-20). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Rankin, J.H. (1980). School factors and delinquency: Interaction by age and sex. Sociology and Social Research, 64(3), 420-434. Tolan, P., & Guerra, N. (1994). What works in reducing adolescent violence: An empirical review of the field. Boulder: University of Colorado, Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence. Webster, D.W., Gainer, P.S., & Champion, H.R. (1993). Weapon carrying among inner-city junior high school students: Defensive behavior versus aggressive delinquency. American Journal of Public Health, 83, 1604-1608.

A Summary Review on Kaffir Boy by Mark Mathebane

In the book Kaffir Boy by Mark Mathebane there are many obstacles that Mark the protagonist has to overcome. The first of his problems was to get through school in his poor South African ghetto. The second was to achieve his goal and receive a tennis scholarship to an American college. Mark†s father is one of the major antagonist, he was opposed anything to do with Mark getting an education in a school. He was a very traditional man and he didn†t like anything that had to do with the â€Å"white man†. He thought it was nonsense to get a whiteman†s education and he wouldn†t provide the money that was necessary to get Mark through school. Mark was helped through this situation by his Mother who was the person who wanted Mark so desperately to attend school. She decided to go against Mark†s Father and send Mark to school. She then had to get a job which was illegal for her to do so because she didn†t have the required pass from the South African government. With the little money that his mother made and some money that his grandmother gave him he was able to pay for his schooling or at least some of it. He often was without the required materials like a school uniform and books. This then resulted in Mark being beaten at school. These beatings became so intense and often that Mark thought about dropping out of school. His Mother helped him decide that he should stay in school because she knew that an education was the only way out of their life of poverty. Through the support of Mark†s Mother and grandmother Mark found success in school. He almost always was ranked in the top of his class and received scholarships to continue on in school. At the end of Mark†s schooling he receives a job offering in South Africa for him to work as a anger of the company, he decides to accept this job for the time being because his family needed the money to send his brothers and sisters to school. Mark end up successfully making it through school and ending up being one of the top in his class. The second major conflict in the book was that Mark wanted to get a scholarship to an American college. Mark first started playing tennis in the ghetto and became the best player in Alexandria. He practiced at a ranch that he found where he made friends with the owner of the tennis ranch. This was against the law because the owner was a white South African and native Africans could not play with them. Marked learned allot from the owner and gained experience because he was entered in some tournaments by the owner of the tennis ranch. When an international tournament came to South Africa Mark was asked to play in it as a native African player to show to the rest of the world that the apartheid laws separating the native Africans were being changed. This was not true though, the native Africans were being allowed to play in only a few selected tournaments as examples. Since this was not fair to the native Africans they decided to boycott the event. Mark decided to play in this tournament even though he was considered a traitor to his people and was banned from playing in the native African tournaments for life. This decision changed his life because he met a famous American tennis star which helped his apply to many American colleges. Through Mark†s own inner strength and self determination he achieves his goal and he received a full college scholarship to an American college.

History of Holy Roman Emperor Otto I (Otto the Great)

Otto the Great (Nov. 23, 912—May 7, 973), also known as  Duke Otto II of Saxony, was known for consolidating the German  Reich  and making significant advances for secular influence in papal politics. His reign is generally considered to be the true beginning of the Holy Roman Empire. He was elected king Aug. 7, 936 and crowned emperor Feb. 2, 962. Early Life Otto was the son of Henry the Fowler and his second wife, Matilda. Scholars know little of his childhood, but it is believed he engaged in some of Henrys campaigns by the time he reached his late teens. In 930 Otto wed Edith, the daughter of Edward the Elder of England. Edith bore him a son and a daughter. Henry named Otto  his successor, and a month after Henrys death, in August of 936, the German dukes elected Otto king. Otto was crowned by the archbishops of Mainz and Cologne at Aachen, the city that had been Charlemagnes favorite residence. He was twenty-three years old. Otto the King The young king was bent on asserting the kind of firm control over the dukes that his father had never managed, but this policy led to immediate conflict. Eberhard of Franconia, Eberhard of Bavaria, and a faction of disgruntled Saxons under the leadership of Thankmar, Ottos half-brother, began an offensive in 937 that Otto swiftly crushed. Thankmar was killed, Eberhard of Bavaria was deposed, and Eberhard of Franconia submitted to the king.   The latter Eberhards submission appeared to be only a facade, for in 939 he joined with Giselbert of Lotharingia and Ottos younger brother, Henry, in a revolt against Otto that was supported by Louis IV of France. This time Eberhard was killed in battle and Giselbert drowned while fleeing. Henry submitted to the king, and Otto forgave him. Yet Henry, who felt he should be king himself in spite of his fathers wishes, conspired to murder Otto in 941. The plot was discovered and all the conspirators were punished except Henry, who was again forgiven. Ottos policy of mercy worked; from then on, Henry was loyal to his brother, and in 947 he received the dukedom of Bavaria. The rest of the German dukedoms also went to Ottos relatives. While all this internal strife was going on, Otto still managed to strengthen his defenses and expand the boundaries of his kingdom. The Slavs were defeated in the east, and part of Denmark came under Ottos control; the German suzerainty over these areas was solidified by the founding of bishoprics. Otto had some trouble with Bohemia, but Prince Boleslav I was forced to submit in 950 and paid tribute. With a strong home base, Otto not only fended off Frances claims to Lotharingia but ended up mediating in some French internal difficulties.   Ottos concerns in Burgundy led to a change in his domestic status. Edith had died in 946, and when the Burgundian princess Adelaide, the widowed queen of Italy, was taken prisoner by Berengar of Ivrea in 951, she turned to Otto for aid. He marched into Italy, took up the title King of the Lombards, and married Adelaide himself.   Meanwhile, back in Germany, Ottos son by Edith, Liudolf, joined together with several German magnates to revolt against the king. The younger man saw some success, and Otto had to withdraw to Saxony; but in 954 the invasion of the Magyars set off problems for the rebels, who could now be accused of conspiring with enemies of Germany. Still, fighting continued until Liudolf at last submitted to his father in 955. Now Otto was able to deal the Magyars a crushing blow at the Battle of the Lechfeld, and they never invaded Germany again. Otto continued to see success in military matters, particularly against the Slavs. Otto the Emperor In May of 961, Otto was able to arrange for his six-year-old son, Otto (the first son born to Adelaide), to be elected and crowned King of Germany. He then returned to Italy to help Pope John XII stand against Berengar of Ivrea. On February 2, 962, John crowned Otto emperor, and 11 days later the treaty known as Privilegium Ottonianum was concluded. The treaty regulated relations between pope and emperor, although whether or not the rule allowing emperors to ratify papal elections was part of the original version remains a matter for debate. It may have been added in December, 963, when Otto deposed John for instigating an armed conspiracy with Berengar, as well as for what amounted to conduct unbecoming a pope.   Otto installed Leo VIII as the next pope, and when Leo died in 965, he replaced him with John XIII. John was not well-received by the populace, who had another candidate in mind, and a revolt ensued; so Otto returned to Italy once more. This time he stayed several years, dealing with the unrest in Rome and heading south into Byzantine-controlled portions of the peninsula. In 967, on Christmas Day, he had his son crowned co-emperor with him. His negotiations with the Byzantines led to a marriage between young Otto and Theophano, a Byzantine princess, in April of 972. Not long afterwards Otto returned to Germany, where he held a great assembly at the court in Quedlinburg. He died in May of 973 and was buried next to Edith in Magdeburg. Resources and Further Reading Arnold, Benjamin.  Medieval Germany, 500-1300: a Political Interpretation. University of Toronto Press, 1997.â€Å"Otto I, the Great.†Ã‚  CATHOLIC LIBRARY: Sublimus Dei (1537), www.newadvent.org/cathen/11354a.htm.REUTER, TIMOTHY.  Germany in the Early Middle Ages c. 800-1056. TAYLOR FRANCIS, 2016.